MANAGEMEN DAN ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN DIKDAS

INDIVIDUAL TASK 

MANAGEMENT AND POLICY ANALYSIS Dikdas 

Lecturers: Prof. Dr. ISMAIL Tolla, M.Si 

O

L

E

H 

NAME: AZIS 

NIM: 14B14083 

GRADE: D 

CAMPUS: V Pare Pare 

 STUDY PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION OF EDUCATION 

CONCENTRATION OF BASIC EDUCATION 

STATE UNIVERSITY POST-GRADUATE PROGRAM MAKASSAR

 2015 

 Preface 

Thank God we pray to Allah who has given grace and His gifts to us that we successfully completed this paper that Alhamdulillah timely entitled "Management and Policy Analysis Dikdas" This paper contains about background, the study of theory and policy related SATAP Headmaster. The paper is organized as a task of course "Management and Policy Analysis of Primary Education" program Master of Education Administration, majoring in Elementary Education Makassar State University Campus V Pare Pare. Thank to all Reviews those who helped the preparation of this paper. Especially Prof. Dr. Ismail Tolla as pengampu subjects. We Realize that this paper is not perfect. Therefore, criticism and constructive suggestions from all parties we always expect for the perfection of this paper. Finally, we would like to thank to Reviews those who have Participated in the preparation of this paper from start to finish. May God continue to be pleased with our Efforts. Amen. 

Pare Pare, July 2015

Speakers 

AZIS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE, i 

Ii WORD

LIST, iii 

BAB. I INTRODUCTION .. .............................................. ....................... ........................... ................ 1 

A. Background. .................................................. ........... ....................................... ............. 1 

B. Problem formulation. 3 

C. Objectives. 3 

D. Benefits 4 

BAB. II STUDY OF THEORY 5 

A. Model Public Policy 5 

B. Policy Elite Model ............................................. ................ .................................. ...................... 8 

CHAPTER III 12 

A. Policy pembagunan SATAP 2 Batu. .................................................. ..................................... 12 

B. SATAP 2 Stone and Its Problems. .................................................. ........................................ 14

BAB. IV 17 

A. Conclusion 17 

B. Recommendations 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 

A. Background

      Policy is a Necessary action made Whether to do something or not do. Everyone in taking a policy has the consideration of each to choose a model of approach in implementing a policy to be Decided. Various factors exist around policy makers is one factor in formulating and establishing a policy. Environmental education is a Considerable environmental highlighted with regard to the measures taken by the competent actors in them as principal. School as one of the perpetrators of formal education under the auspices of the government has a great responsibility in Determining the future direction of development of the nation of Indonesia. School policy was originally assumed in the general education policy so that schools are Able to formulate a policy that is targeted and efficient. Development of infrastructure from the State Budget is an effort that should be appreciated in full of all parties concerned with education. Policy elementary school principal School 2 Batu in 2010 to accept the filing of SATAP or junior high school construction SATAP is a Considerable policy contains many consequences in the future. SATAP construction is based on the Law of the National education system UUSPN 20 of 2003 as well as government programs or nine years of compulsory nine-year basic education. Elementary school principal School 2 Batu in formulating and Deciding the decision to accept the building of SATAP 2 Stone growing niche to use the elite model of the approach as a step in the Aspirations absorb and dissemination of the policy. This policy may be unidirectional approach education authorities are only requested to call the principal to the readiness and willingness to accept the program. The approach in the light of budgetary efficiency and effective enough time however, in terms of information and formulation aspects that should be Considered inadequate. 2 Stone SATAP development policy of the opportunity to study for children who have completed at Elementary School 2 Batu and do not have the opportunity to continue to be an open city. The problem is an opportunity to receive instruction was minimal with the unavailability of educators. the positive impact of the presence of SATAP 2 Stone is reducing the number of school dropouts and closer educational facilities for residents who wish to send Reviews their children. The existence of SATAP 2 Stone besides presenting any positive effects Also had a negative impact of reducing the opportunity for children to gain new experience with continuing education outside the region. A policy always contains the Inevitable consequence to be faced. An ideal kuranng conditions in the journey will continue to be improved with the policies that are perfect. 2 SATAP construction Stone that in the formulation of development policy approach does not mean the elite of the model has been mistaken in all aspects. Essentially the policy has succeeded in reducing the dropout rate has also provided employment opportunities for local young people who have been through teacher education. 

B. Problem Formulation 

     Based on the description above background, the formulation of development policies and SATAP 2 Stone by Principal Elementary School 2 Batu is a policy approach elite models. This elite policy models we will describe the following problem formulation; 1. How do elite models in Development Policy SATAP 2 Stone? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the model of policy elite in the construction of SATAP2 Stone? 3. What is the solution of problems in development policy elite models SATAP 2 Stone? 

C. Purpose 

1. Know the model of policy elite in the construction of two stone SATAP 

2. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of development policies SATAP 2 Stone with elite models approach 

3. Knowing the problems of development SATAP 2 Stone dab solution 

D. Benefits Writing this paper is expected to provide benefits in formulating, Deciding and choosing policy model of the which will be used as a policy instrument. 

1. Provide an understanding for the decision-makers in choosing a model of policy in taking a policy 

2. Provide an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the model of elite policy 

3. Understand the elite models of policy issues and their solutions 

 CHAPTER II Reader Review 

A. Model for Public Policy 

 1. Definition and various models of public policy 

    Policy is a necessity for all stakeholders both in spades narrow until the coverage includes the interests of a country. A policy will bear a consequence sometimes unpredictable sometimes outside of forecasts. Understand what exactly the policy Becomes par- ticularly important for policy actors or people who are dilingkaran policy makers. "The policy is a speech or Writings that provide general guidance on the determination of the scope and boundaries that give general Reviews directions to someone to move. Etymologically, the policy is a translation of the word policy. Policies can also mean a series of concepts and principles that Became the line of execution of a job, leadership, and how to act. Policy decisions can be thoughtful and carefully shaped by decision-makers and not peak repetitive activities are routine and programmed or related to decision rules. "Http: // www.pengertianahli.com. Another opinion on the definition of the policy can be seen in the following description that defines the policy as written rules generated by policy makers actor. "The policy is a written rule that a formal decision of the organization, the which is binding, the which govern the behavior with the aim of creating a new society tatanilai,. Policy will Become the main reference organization's members or members of the public to behave. Policies are Generally problem solving and proactive. In contrast to the Law (Law) and regulation (Regulation), the policy is more adaptive and intepratatif, even though the policy Also Regulate "what is allowed and what is not allowed". Policies are Also expected to be general but without eliminating specific local characteristics. Policy should provide an opportunity interpreted to suit the specific conditions that exist. "Http://become-teacher.blogspot.com. 2. Models of public policy as a policy measure is the which contains a value or binding norms require policy makers to understand the object or environment in the which the policy will be enforced. Mistakes in understanding the social conditions in the which the policy is taken will bear many problems later. The ability to choose the model of policy will Determine Whether the policy is effective or the policy will actually give birth to a problem. There are Several models of public policy that can be used to take out a policy in the which models each has a different focus on social and political conditions in order to help understand the differences on public policy. Some models of the policy are: 

 a. Institutional models, Explains how government regulations are very close to government institutions. Something policy will not be government regulation UNLESS it is Formulated, implementation and enforced by government agencies, government agencies provide the main three characteristics, legitimacy, universality and coercion. 

 b. Model elite - mass, this a model is an abstraction of a preparation of government regulations that are identical to the perspective of the political elite. Policy issues that will be on the agenda of policy formulation is an agreement and Also the result of conflict between political Elites Themselves. 

 c. Incremental models, policymakers basically do not want to do a review of the policy consistently to all who made and prefers to do incremental. 

 d. Model Group Theory, group the model is an abstraction of the policy making process in the which Several interest groups trying to influence the content and form of policy interactively.

 e. Model System theory, this approach models Introduced by David Easton who did analogy with biological systems. Basically the biological system is a process of interaction between the organism and its environment roomates Ultimately creates continuity and change in a are relatively stable life. 

 f. Rational models, rational policy is defined as policies that can Achieve high social benefits, the results of the policy must provide benefits to people who have paid more and Prevent government policies when the costs outweigh the benefits. 

 g. Model process, political activities Carried out by groups linked to public policy, the result is a process that contains the policy, identification / recognition problem, the formulation of the agenda, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation and evaluation of policies. 

 h. Public choice models, when public opinion should be the most important determinant factor that is very influential in public policy, there should be a link between public opinion and public policy (Opinion-policy linkage). http://kerjaituindah.blogspot.com. 

 B. Elite Model Policy 

1. Definition Elite models 

   Formulation, decision and implementation of a policy by policy makers are expected to be effective and efesian. One model of policies that were popular in the era of the new order that is a models of how the elite of the elite models? The following will be Described on the policy elite models. Model elite (the rulling elite model) is a model of of analysis developed with reference to the theory of the elite (elite theory). Generally Elite theory is opposed to the view that the power in the society are distributed evenly. Elite models is the development of theoretical thought Refers to the elite. elite theory is a theory of the state that seeks to describe and explain the relationship of power in contemporary society. http://cumaisengajanih.blogspot.com. 

2. Characteristics of Elite Model Policy elite models Essentially forming a pyramid memgambarkan position of the elite, the middle class and grassroots groups (mass). This theory that a small minority position, consisting of members of the economic elite and network planning policies, holds the power of the most powerful and that this power does not depend on the process of democratic elections in a country. Elite theory stands in opposition to pluralism in suggesting that democracy is a utopian ideal. Elite models have the assumption that public policy can be Viewed as the values ​​and choices of the ruling elite. Thomas R. Dye and Harmon Provides a summary thoughts on this model of items, namely: 

a. Society is divided into a small group who have the power and the masses who do not have power. Only a small group of people who allocate value to society while the masses do not Decide policy. 

b. A small group of the ruling is not the type of mass that is affected. The elite is usually derived from the high economic massyarakat layer. 

c. The move from the position of non-elite to elite very slowly and continuously in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution. Only Among non-elite who have received basic elite consensus that is acceptable in elite circles. 

d. Elite give a consensus on the value of the basic socialist system and maintenance of the system. 

e. Public policy does not reflect the demands of the masses but the values ​​of the elite force. 

f. The Elites are are relatively small gain direct influence of mass apathy. Conversely elite Affects a larger mass. 

    Elite models is more focused on a leadership role in the formation of public policy. It is based on the fact that in a political system ruled some of the people, political Elites who influence the masses of the people and not vice versa. This a model was developed from the theory of Elites who oppose the view that the power in society was distributed evenly. Thus Spake a public policy always flows from top to bottom, from the elite to the masses (people). http://antiquem.blogspot.com. 

3. Strengths and weaknesses of the elite models

    Each policy has the option deemed most Appropriate approach in its implementation, however, each policy models has advantages and disadvantages of each. The policy holder or policy elite actors not infrequently using a model approach in Deciding a strategic policy. Excess elite models lies in the efficiency of time and budget so that policy elite models is very vaforit New Order era. Policies that are toop-down is a hallmark of elite models in the which minorities (people) do not have access in formulating policies so that people are forced to be passive in the policy of the authorities. Disadvantages elite models can be observed in the policy formulation process in the which the Aspirations of the lower classes who constituted the majority are not accommodated. Historical experience has shown that the policy elite of the model is very effective in Certain circumstances, but in other situations that could backfire. The Aspirations of the majority who are not accommodated will Eventually Gave birth to saturation of the which will probably end up with a revolution. Society does not have the power to influence and create opinion on policy issues that should be at the top of the political agenda. While bureaucrats / administrators only be a mediator for the way information flows from top to bottom. Political elite always wanted to maintain the status quo, the policy to be conservative. The policy change is trial and error roomates simply modify or improve the previous policy. http://lesprivatsurabaya.net 

 CHAPTER III DISCUSSION

 

A. Development Policy SATAP 2 Stone 

1. Profile of elementary and junior SATAP 2 Stone Elementary-Junior High School 2 Batu SATAP is a school located in the village Walawala leppaangeng kec.Pitu Riase Kab. Sidrap. The school is included in the category of remote areas. The distance from the district town about 80 km to the condition of the road as far as 17 km dirt road with a slope of 50 degrees and ketingggian 900 m. This region borders the Luwu district in the east, the District Tanatoraja and Enrekand north of the village Tanatoro Kab.Sidrap in the west and Lombok village in the south. The number of students for the elementary school year 2014/2015 as many as 97 people and for SMP SATAP as many as 45 students. Faculty for SD as many as 8 people, 6 classroom teacher 1 teacher of religion and 1 principals who doubles SATAP Also junior high school principal. Junior faculty to 5 people with social status as well as the Civil Servants 1 English teacher. SMP SATAP has one building with two classrooms 1 office space, the building has an perputakaan 2 rooms.

2. Process Development Policies and Benefits SATAP 2 stone construction of educational facilities is a basic necessity in the process of teaching and learning in schools. Availability of the building facilities is the main prerequisite in order to carry out the process of learning, especially formal education. Before building SATAP 2 Stone has been at the start with a study in 2010 by the department of Basic Education and Medium Sidrap to see the condition of the area, interests and potential of learners at the school. This study was conducted to Obtain the data for consideration by the next district kelevel higher level recommended that the Ministry of National Education. At this stage of the approval of the people who are still using a system of representation that is the principal and the school committee only to present, as well as the village head of BPD as a community representative. Such policy decisions are still identical and thick with elite models roomates approach assumes that the Aspirations of the elite group is representative of the majority. The consequences of such an approach is effective in terms of time and cost-effective but not under the current Aspirations. The positive impact of the policy elementary school principal School 2 Patu receive offers from education authorities Kabuapten Sidrap for the construction of school building SATAP in SD Negeri 2 Stone has been presenting any influence on the interest of school students who have completed elementary dijenjang to go to junior high school. Before the construction of SATAP students who drop out of school after completing primary school reach 40-50 percent annually after the SMP SATAP reduced to only 2-5% that do not go school. B. SATAP 2 Stone and Issues 1. SATAP 2 Stone and Policy Development Strategic SMP SATAP 2 Stone is a strategic policy-adopted by the school principal considerations provide educational services to the community around the school roomates have complained that access to secondary education is difficult, Because it must to the city to be continued. A policy definitely has social implications and interests that influence each other in various aspects. 

     2 Stone SATAP development as a policy in conjunction with other policies that have relevance to the existence of the school. Principals as elite policy makers at school level has the responsibility to be the continuity of the learning process in schools that have been built by him, the principal made a policy to prohibit any student who has completed at Elementary School 2 Batu to the city go back to school so that the school is still exist. One of the steps taken was to not give a diploma to students who want to get out to go to school but outside the district or province by reason of participating parents. The approach used by the principal in the implementation of this policy is the elite models. Elites were Involved in the decision making process is the school committee of the village III walawala BPD and BPD hamlet V Lengke as geographic scope SATAP Elementary-Junior High School 2 Batu. 

     The hope is this elite into a connector in giving understanding to the public or to be responsible at the mass level as Reviews those who have an influence. The implications of the policies Mentioned above then Came Several years of school after construction is completed. Some of the issues that Came up was the unavailability of teachers in junior SATAP roomates impact on the learning process Becomes less than the maximum because of the teaching in junior high school are Also taught in elementary school. Pmbelajaran process should go in the afternoon in junior high or elementary school teacher waiting for nothing to spare for teaching. This issue Becomes entrance outsiders do criticism that is both provocative and then questioned the existence of SMP SATAP 2 Stone in particular and some SATAP Village Leppangeng. Criticism addressed to school SATAP at its core is a violation of children's right to a proper education and to provide malpractice school diploma for students who have gone through a learning process in elementary school. This fact Gives us a reality that the elite model of approach in Certain circumstances quite Effectively and efficiently however, the circumstances are different approaches would backfire elite models to policy makers. 2. Solutions and the model approach to problems that Arise in the development policies SMP SATAP 2 Stone as described above is a serious problem that needs to be pursued best solution so that there are no losers. 

    The measures that have been dupayakan by the principal after the emergence of Reviews These issues to the surface and Become issues in district offices Sidrap is to coordinate with agencies and teachers dilingkup primary and junior SATAP 2 Stone and elite people in the village III Walawala and hamlets V Lengke. This problem was Discussed in a meeting held in SATAP SD_SMP 2 Stone Attended by SATAP a Leppangeng village, Head office Sidrap Education and education stakeholders throughout the District Pitu Riase. The parties who question the existence of SATAP policies, lack of teachers and schools to continue the ban on SMP Also in the city are presented along with the people who are invited openly. The move is Considered to be quite accommodating in resolving the above Mentioned problems given the parties concerned can deliver the best ideas and solutions. Policy on the prohibition attend school in the city and does not provide elementary school diploma to students that are not out of the area is maintained. 

     Considerations to maintain the policy after seeing the positive aspects of the policy more than its negative impact. Elite models approach as described above still have a place on the positive side if the right circumstances. 

 Chapter IV Conclusion 

A. Conclusion 

    Policies are written rules that the formal decision of the organization, the which is binding, the which govern the behavior with the aim of creating a new society tatanilai,. Policy will Become the main reference organization's members or members of the public to behave. Model elite (the rulling elite model) is a model of of analysis developed with reference to the theory of the elite (elite theory). Generally Elite theory is opposed to the view that the power in the society are distributed evenly. SMP development SATAP 2 Stone is a strategic policy-adopted by the school principal considerations provide educational services to the community around the school that had been complained about access to secondary education are difficult, Because they have to be Able to go to the city. The approach used by the principal in the implementation of this policy is the elite models. Elites were Involved in the decision making process is the school committee of the village III walawala BPD and BPD hamlet V Lengke as geographic scope SATAP Elementary-Junior High School 2 Batu. 

 B. Recommendations 

Elite model of policy is a policy the which emphasizes the role of certain elite groups in implementing a strategic policy by it was a policy decision by the elite model of approach needs; 1. Ensure that the elite representing terentu community groups working at the grassroots level. 2. elite capable of reducing the current turmoil in the bottom 3. Ensure that the masses are not influenced externally 4. Always carry out controls at the level of the mass of the continu 5. Coordination with the elite of society 

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